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The challenges of human–wildlife conflict are older than recorded history but an interdisciplinary field of study focused on human–wildlife conflict and coexistence, although still relatively new, is growing rapidly. The amelioration and mitigation of this conflict is central to the conservation and restoration of many species, and debates over how and whether to coexist with other animals drive social, economic, and political conflict within and among human communities ( 2, 5). This conflict has contributed to the extinction of numerous species ( 2) changes in ecosystem structure and function ( 3) and immeasurable loss of human life, crops, livestock, and property ( 2, 4). Homo sapiens have competed with other species for habitat and resources and have innovated and adapted to become the dominant ecological force on the planet ( 1).
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These interactions can be positive or negative. Human interactions with wildlife are a defining experience of human existence. The time may be ripe to identify a new field, anthrotherology, that brings together scholars and practitioners from different disciplinary perspectives to address human–wildlife conflict and coexistence. Fertile areas for scholarship include scale and complexity, models and scenarios, understanding generalizable patterns, expanding boundaries of what is considered conflict, using new tools and technologies, information sharing and collaboration, and the implications of global change. I summarize and synthesize factors that contribute to conflict, approaches that mitigate conflict and encourage coexistence, and emerging trends and debates. Recent advances in our understanding of conflict have led to a growing number of positive conservation and coexistence outcomes. This conflict has led to the extinction and reduction of numerous species and uncountable human deaths and economic losses. People compete with wildlife for food and resources, and have eradicated dangerous species co-opted and domesticated valuable species and applied a wide range of social, behavioral, and technical approaches to reduce negative interactions with wildlife.